Chrysler Town and Country | |
---|---|
Chrysler | |
aka | |
Production | 1990-2016 |
Class | Upscale Minivan |
Body Style | 5-Door Wagon |
Length | 189.3 in. |
Width | 78.6 in. |
Height | 68.8 in. |
Wheelbase | 113.3 in. |
Weight | 3988 lbs. |
Transmission | 4-speed Automatic |
Engine | 3.3 liter OHV V6 3.8 liter OHV V6 |
Power | 170 hp @ 5000 RPM 200 lb-ft @ 4000 RPM 200 hp @ 5000 RPM 235 lb-ft @ 4000 RPM |
Similar | Dodge Caravan Honda Odyssey Hyundai Entourage Toyota Sienna Nissan Quest Buick Terraza Ford Freestar Saturn Relay Chevrolet Uplander Kia Sedona Mazda MPV Mercury Monterey |
Designer |
The Chrysler Town and Country is a minivan marketed by DaimlerChrysler. The Town and Country was introduced in 1990, while its sister vehicles, the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager, had already been in production since the 1984 model year. Chrysler's success of the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager pursued the company to produce one of the first-ever luxury minivans, and General Motors was in hot pursuit by releasing the Oldsmobile Silhouette. But they arrived at dealerships the same time, which was in 1990.
Since their introduction, the Chrysler minivans have been the best-selling minivans in the United States.
See Autopedia's comprehensive Chrysler Town and Country Review.
Recent Changes[]
- For 2011, Chrysler gives the Town and Country a mid-cycle refresh and the new 3.6 litre 283hp Pentastar V6. [1]
- On April 22, 2009, Chrysler revealed an EV version of the Town and Country specially outfitted for use by the United States Postal Service. [2][3][4]
- The 2007 Town and Country remains relatively unchanged since its generation's debut in 2005.
Styles and Major Options[]
The 2007 Town and Country is available in 4 trims: the Base model, the LX, the Touring, and the Limited. The Base model comes in a short wheelbase version, while the other three come in a long wheelbase form, which is longer by about 11 inches. The first two trims are powered by a 3.3L 180hp V6 engine, while the latter two are equipped with a 3.8L 215hp V6. All models work with a 4-speed automatic transmission and front wheel drive. Some of the standout features are as follows:
Base Model
- 15" steel wheels
- 4-way front bucket seats
- Removeable 2nd and 3rd row full bench seating
- Cloth seating trim and vinyl door trim
- Manual front air conditioning
- 4-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system
- Cruise control
- Analog instrument display
LX
Adds to or replace Base features with:
- Rear captains seats and 60-40 split 3rd row bench
- Dual illuminated vanity mirrors
- Cargo net
Touring
Adds to or replaces LX features with:
- 16" silver alloy wheels
- 8-way power front bucket seats
- Roof rack
- Front and rear reading lights
- Mini overhead console with storage
- Dual zone front manual air conditioning
- Rear air with separate controls
- 6-speaker AM/FM/CD/Cassette audio system
- Power trunk release
- HomeLink Wireless Control System
- Tachometer, compass, exterior temperature monitor, trip computer
Limited
Adds to or replaces Touring features with:
- 16" alloy wheels
- 8-way power heated front bucket seats w/driver seat memory
- Simulated suede/leather seating
- Carpeted front/rear floor mats
- Removeable floor console
- Modular overhead console
- Dual zone front automatic air conditioning
- Rear air with separate controls
- 10-speaker Infinity AM/FM/SIRIUS/in-dash 6cd changer audio system
- Amplifier and automatic equalizer
- Parksense rear park distance control
- Navigation system
Pricing[]
Today's actual prices for the Chrysler Town and Country can be found at CarsDirect.
Town and Country Trims |
|||
Base model |
LX |
Touring |
Limited |
MSRP |
|||
$21,345 |
$25,695 |
$28,185 |
$36,255 |
Invoice |
|||
$19,612 |
$23,699 |
$25,915 |
$33,097 |
Gas Mileage[]
As seen on the FuelEconomy.gov website, the City/Highway MPG averages are as follows:
Trim |
|
3.3L V6 |
3.8L V8 |
MPG |
|
19/26 |
18/25 |
Reliability[]
The latest generation of the Town and Country was only unveiled in 2005, so accurate long-term reliability information is not yet available. However, Consumer Reports states that short-term reliability for the new model has been "unimpressive." The last model in the previous generation received an overall Green rating from Automotive Information Systems, indicating minimal problems in all areas.
- RECALL ALERT: On Dec 15, 2010, Chrysler launched a recall affecting 367,350 2008MY Chrysler Town and Country/Dodge Caravans due to a water leak in the heating and air conditioner drain grommet, which, eventually, can lead to inadvertently deployed airbags. Chrysler and Dodge dealers will replace the faulty part free of charge, starting from February 2011. Owners may contact the automaker at 1-888-327-4236.[5]
Safety[]
The NHTSA's safety ratings for the 2007 Town and Country have not yet been revealed, but the 2006 model responded very well to its safety tests. The 2006 Town and Country earned 5-Star ratings for all front- and side-impact crash tests, and tests for rollover yielded 4-Star ratigs. Standard safety equipment on the 2007 model includes:
- Front and rear anti-roll bars
- Driver/passenger front-impact airbags
- Occupancy sensors
- Driver knee airbag
- Side Impact Bars
Photos[]
Colors[]
Available colors will vary by trim, and a complete list is viewable at CarsDirect.com. Some of the possible combinations are:
Exterior
- Bright Silver Metallic Clearcoat
- Brilliant Black Crystal Pearlcoat
- Cognac Crystal Pearlcoat
- Inferno Red Crystal Pearlcoat
- Magnesium Pearlcoat greenblue
- Modern Blue Pearlcoat
Interior
- Dark Khaki/Light Graystone
- Medium Slate Gray
Main Competitors[]
- Dodge Caravan
- Honda Odyssey
- Hyundai Entourage
- Toyota Sienna
- Nissan Quest
- Buick Terraza
- Mercury Monterey
Hybrid Models[]
Chrysler ecoVoyager
Unique Attributes[]
Resale Values[]
According to Kelley Blue Book, "the Town and Country is projected to retain a lower than average residual value. The base vehicle is expected to retain just 36 percent of its value after 24 months and the Limited 43 percent, so the Town and Country lags far behind its import rivals from Honda, Nissan and Toyota."
Criticisms[]
- "A few key conveniences are missing, such as a hide-away third seat and a navigation system." - Edmunds.com
- "If parallel parking isn't one of your strong suits, you might find yourself in some awkward positions while behind the wheel of long-wheelbase Town & Country models. Side windows that can only pop open to vent fresh air make for a claustrophobic interior." - Kelley Blue Book
Fifth Generation: (2008-2016)[]
The minivans are expected to be redesigned in 2007 as 2008 models by Ralph Gilles, who also worked on the Chrysler 300 and Dodge Magnum. A six-speed automatic transmission and a new 4.0 L V6 engine are all but certain to appear, while a diaper changing station is rumored. Also, there may be rear windows that roll down, or a Hemi engine. Chrysler has finalized a deal through which Volkswagen will receive a variant of the Chrysler RT platform van with its own styling and features. It is expected to be produced at Saint Louis Assembly alongside the Dodge and Chrysler vans. Volkswagen says it is not the same as the Chrysler minivans, but still uses the Caravan/Town & Country platform. The plans are to keep the Stow 'n Go seating, maybe even for the front passenger seat, but that is still being decided.
By the look of the front grille and headlights, a bit of family resemblance to the 300 and Crossfire is seen. The rear of the new van is squared off, unlike the past two generations, and is quite like the Nissan Quest. The taillights are similar to the current generation, but squared off.
2010 recall[]
On June 3, 2010 Chrysler recalled 284,831 MY 2008 and 2009 Town & Country vehicles due to an improperly routed wiring harness inside the sliding door. A similar recall also affected 15,902 MY 2010 Volkswagen Routan vehicles.
2011 model year[]
The Dodge Grand Caravan and Chrysler Town & Country received mid-cycle refreshes for the 2011 model year. Changes included restyled exterior and interior with all-new wing logo, standard SafetyTec (including Blind Spot Monitoring and Rear Cross Path Detection), improvement to the Stow n Go seating and storage system, a one-touch fold down feature for easier access to the third row, a new super center console and technology, a dual DVD system that can play different media at the same time, SIRIUS Backseat TV which offers three channels of childrens programming, FLO TV featuring 20 channels of live programming, Pentastar V6 (283 hp) engine replacing previous 3.8-liter and 3.3-liter V-6 engines, six-speed automatic transmission, a new fuel economizer mode, a new instrument panel and instrument cluster, new Chrysler Brand steering wheel with integrated controls that allow the driver to operate the radio, cruise control, hands-free phone and other vehicle functions while keeping their hands on the wheel; upgraded cloth and leather seating materials; new soft touch door trim, new heating and cooling control system. Other changes included retuned suspension with a larger front sway bar and new rear sway bar, increased rear roll center height, new spring rates, new steering gear, new front static camber setting, and lowered ride height; extra sound insulation, acoustic glass, new LED ambient lighting and center console, and new fog lights. Canada models arrived in dealerships in the fourth quarter 2010.
Production[]
The 2011 Chrysler Town & Country minivan was built at Chrysler Group LLC's Windsor Assembly Plant Windsor, Ontario, Canada starting on October 1, 2010.
2012 changes[]
For 2012, leather seating and a DVD rear-seat entertainment system were made standard on all Town & Country trim levels. Cloth seating remained optional on the Touring trim in Canada, and standard on the Touring trim in Mexico. In Mexico, the "L" suffix on the Touring-L trim stood for leather.
Lancia Voyager (2011-)[]
The Lancia Voyager is a version of Chrysler Town & Country for European market, as a replacement of Lancia Phedra. Changes include removal of chrome bodyside molding. The vehicle went on sale in October 2011 across Europe. Early Italy model includes Gold trim level, a choice of 2 engines (283 hp 3.6L Pentastar petrol, 163 hp 2.8L diesel), 6-speed automatic transmission, a choice of 4 body colours (Brilliant Black, Carbon Grey, Silver, Stone White), a choice of two interior colours (Black/Grey and Beige), ParkSense assisted parking system with the optional ParkView rear view camera integration, 17" diamond-cut alloy wheels, black roof racks, seats upholstered in high quality leather, audio controls on the steering wheel and gear lever knob, also leather-covered, ESP, 6 airbags, cruise control, fog lights, automatic headlights, active pedestrian protection, automatic three-zone climate control, 6-speaker radio with CD player, U-Connect hands-free system with I-pod/Mp3 system, heated door mirrors, side doors and tailgate with electric control. It remains the Chrysler Grand Voyager in the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, Asia, and Russia.
2013 model year[]
2013 Chrysler Town & Country update[]
Changes for the 2013 model year included optional Blu-Ray rear seat dual-screen DVD system, sharper-resolution rear-seat DVD screens for all models, a HDMI input for video game systems, two rear-seat USB ports for charging cell phones or MP3 players, standard Trailer Sway Damping, standard power folding mirrors on Limited and optional on Touring L models, new standard leather seating surfaces on Touring models, a new 17-inch alloy wheel design for Touring L models. Early US models include Chrysler Town & Country Touring, Town & Country Touring L and Town & Country Limited.
2013 Town & Country S[]
The Town & Country S was unveiled in 2012 Los Angeles International Auto Show.[30] The model came equipped with a black chrome grille combined with black-background Chrysler Winged badges front and rear, a black rear fascia step pad, 'S' model badging, 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished face and black-painted pockets and blacked-out headlight bezels (delayed availability), Black Torino leather seats with an 'S' logo embroidered in the seat backs and black Ballistic cloth seat inserts, grey stitching at seats and door armrests, Piano Black gloss appliques at the instrument panel and on the spokes of the black leather-wrapped steering wheel, Chrysler Winged badge on the wheel matches the black background-look of the exterior badging, a black headliner and upper consoles, black center console and an 'S' logo in the instrument cluster, dual-screen Blu-Ray DVD system (HDMI input, two USB recharging ports, a 12v outlet and a 115v two-prong outlet), a performance suspension, and a choice of 4 body colors (Brilliant Black, Deep Cherry Red, Stone White or Billet Silver).
2013 Town & Country Tanya Moss edition[]
This van was a limited (150 units) version of 2013 Chrysler Town & Country for Mexico market, designed in collaboration with Mexican jewelry designer Tanya Moss.
Production[]
The 2013 Chrysler Town & Country minivan was built at Chrysler Group LLC's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
2014 model year[]
Daytime running lamps are now a standard feature on US models. Previously, they were only standard on Canadian and European models; US models required dealer activation.
2014 Chrysler Town & Country 30th Anniversary Edition, Town & Country S[]
The "30th Anniversary Edition" was a modified version of the Touring-L trim, commemorating 30th anniversary of Chrysler Town & Country. This trim level came equipped with 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished faces and painted satin carbon pockets, '30th Anniversary' badging, Black Alcantara seat inserts with Nappa seat bolsters, Piano Black steering wheel bezels and instrument panel trim, third-row power folding seats, touchscreen radio with 30th Anniversary splash screen, 30th Anniversary logo on the key fob, rear back up camera, choice of 8 body colours (exclusive Granite Crystal Pearl Coat, Billet Silver Metallic Clear Coat, Brilliant Black Crystal Pearl Coat, Cashmere Pearl Coat, Deep Cherry Red Pearl Coat, Bright White Clear Coat, True Blue Pearl Coat, Maximum Steel Metallic Clear Coat). The Town & Country S was carried over for the 2014 model year, which included a black chrome grille combined with black-background Chrysler Winged badges front and rear, a black rear fascia step pad, 'S' model badging, 17-inch aluminum wheels with polished face and black-painted pockets and blacked-out headlight bezels, Black Torino leather seats with an 'S' logo embroidered in the seat backs, black Ballistic cloth seat inserts, grey stitching; grey stitching at door armrests, piano black gloss appliques on the instrument panel and on the spokes of the black leather-wrapped steering wheel, Chrysler Winged badge on the wheel matches the black background-look of the exterior badging, a black headliner and upper consoles, black center console, an 'S' logo in the instrument cluster, dual-screen Blu-Ray system (HDMI input, two USB recharging ports, a 12-volt outlet and a 115v two-prong outlet, wireless headphones), and a performance suspension.The 2014 Chrysler Town & Country was available in eight exterior colors: Billet Silver Metallic Clear Coat, Brilliant Black Crystal Clear Coat, Bright White Pearl Coat, Cashmere Pearl Coat, Deep Cherry Crystal Pearl Coat, Maximum Steel Pearl Coat, Mocha Java Pearl Coat, True Blue Pearl Coat and Sapphire Crystal Metallic Clear Coat.
Production[]
2014 Chrysler Town & Country was built in Chrysler Group LLC's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
2015 model year[]
For 2015, the LX model was reintroduced, now nearly identical to the Touring except for the lack of front fog lights and EVIC. Also introduced was a new Premium trim level for the Canadian market, including Alcantara and Nappa Leather faced seats, heated front and 2nd-row seats, and a heated steering wheel as standard equipment. The Limited was succeeded as the highest level trim by the Limited Platinum, which is near identical to the previous Limited save for a few changes. The Limited still continued production, although with a few standard features removed or made optional (such as HID headlamps) due to the Limited Platinum.
Production[]
2015 Chrysler Town & Country was built in FCA Canada Inc's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
2016 model year[]
Projector headlamps are now standard across all trim levels in the US except for fleet vehicles; halogen projector headlamps replaced the reflector headlamps used in previous model years, HID headlamps are optional on Touring-L and Limited, and are standard on Limited Platinum. The reflector headlamps are retained on the Dodge Caravan. Last year for the Chrysler Town & Country.
Town & Country 90th Anniversary Edition[]
The 90th Anniversary Edition is a variant of the Touring-L commemorating the 90th anniversary of the Chrysler company, adding several optional features as standard features including heated second row seats, a heated steering wheel, and a power sunroof. Distinguishing features are special badging, a 90th Anniversary Edition radio splash screen, and special floor mats. This model went on sale alongside the 200 90th Anniversary Edition, based on the 200 Limited, and 300 90th Anniversary Edition based on the 300 Limited.
Production[]
2016 Chrysler Town & Country was built at FCA Canada Inc's Windsor Assembly Plant in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
Total sales[]
Calendar Year | United States | Canada | Total |
---|---|---|---|
2007[37] | 138,151 | 1,531 | 139,682 |
2008[38] | 118,563 | 4,865 | 123,428 |
2009[39] | 84,558 | 3,165 | 87,723 |
2010[40] | 112,275 | 4,175 | 116,450 |
2011[41] | 94,320 | 4,536 | 98,856 |
2012[42] | 111,744 | 3,991[43] | 115,735 |
2013[44] | 122,288 | 8,425 | 130,713 |
2014[45] | 138,040 | 8,944 | 146,984 |
2015[46] | 93,848 | 9,001[47] | 102,849 |
2016 | 49,394[48] | 21,373 [49] | 70,767 |
Fourth Generation: (2001-2007)[]
The 2001 minivans used the Chrysler RS platform. The Plymouth Voyager and Grand Voyager had been transferred to the Chrysler lineup in mid-2000, and for 2001, the Chrysler Voyager was available as a short-wheelbase model only. Since 2004, a short-wheelbase version of the Town & Country has been offered as compensation for the Voyager. Foldable Stow 'n Go second- and third-row seats, available only on long-wheelbase Town & Country models, were a first for 2005 along with a host of other updates such as new larger headlights.
A 3.5 L V6 was also planned for a mid-year introduction for 2001, but this never came to fruition.
Engines[]
- 2001-present 3.3 L EGA V6, 180 hp (134 kW) at 5000 rpm and 210 ft·lbf (285 N·m) at 4000 rpm
- 2001-present 3.8 L EGH V6, 215 hp (160 kW) at 5000 rpm and 245 ft·lbf (332 N·m) at 4000 rpm
Town and Country models from 1998 to 2003 can use E85 fuel.
Minivan production[]
Chrysler Town & Country minivans with Stow 'n Go seats are built in Windsor, Ontario and Saint Louis Assembly.
Two plants have had the task of building the Town & Country, with Saint Louis Assembly building it from 1990 to 2001, and Windsor from 2001 to the present. As of May 2006, Windsor Assembly will be the lead producer of the RT, but will not fully take over until 2008 when they phase out current production of the Pacifica (CS). Saint Louis Assembly will close in October of 2008 and Windsor will recieve all production from the Saint Louis plant which includes right hand drive vehicles,panel minivans and diesel minivans.Also Windsor will be building Volkeswagon minivans based on the Chrysler version.
Taiwanese-market Town & Country minivans are assembled in Yangmei, Taiwan under license by the China Motor Corporation, starting with the 2006 model year. They are similar to the North American model, with minor variations for the local market. Many other global markets receive the Chrysler Voyager/Grand Voyager assembled in Austria.
The Town & Country is also marketed in Mexico and Venezuela. Chrysler markets the Chrysler Caravan in Argentina.
Previous Generations[]
Third generation (1996–2000)[]
The 1996 redesign used the Chrysler NS platform and included a driver's-side sliding door, a first. The Town & Country was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1996 and 1997.
Base models of both the Town and Country were offered in most states with the 3.0 L Mitsubishi V6 engine, except in California and several northeastern states, where the Mitsubishi V6 didn't meet emissions standards. In those locales, the 3.3 L engine was offered instead from 1997 through 2000.
Engines[]
- 1996–2000 3.3 L EGA V6, 158 hp (118 kW) and 203 ft·lbf (275 N·m)
- 1996–1998 3.8 L EGH V6, 166 hp (124 kW)
- 1999–2000 3.8 L EGH V6, 180 hp (134 kW)
Year-to-year changes[]
- 1997: Permanent all-wheel drive arrived as an option for 1997 on long-wheelbase minivans, and all-wheel drive models got 4-wheel disc brakes. Front wheel drive minivans gained a new traction control system, which worked at low speeds to prevent wheel slippage. The rear driver's side sliding door was standard on all 1997 Town & Countries. The lineup now included a short-wheelbase SX model and two long wheelbase models: the LX and LXi. The 3.8 L engine was standard on the LXi and optional on the SX and LX.
- 1998: The front fascia was freshened. There was now an open grille and winged emblem. The new front fascia also featured new headlights that offered better illumination. Also, the 3.8 L V6 gained 14 hp for a total of 180 hp. Another model, the top-of-the-line Limited, was also available for 1998.
- 1999: The middle bench seat was dropped for 1999, and a child seat was now available in one of the two reclining middle-row buckets. Other additions included a small cargo net between the front seats and 16 in chrome alloy wheels on the Limited.
- 2000: The short wheelbase minivans were dropped for 2000, leaving only extended wheelbase models, along with new interior and exterior colors. All models seated seven and had sliding doors on both sides. A new Rear Seat Video entertainment system, with a VCR and 6.4 in display screen, was available as a dealer-installed option.
Second generation (1991–1995)[]
The 1991 through 1995 Town and Country used the Chrysler AS platform. This was the last Town and Country that was derived from the Chrysler K platform.
Innovations[]
- "Quad Command" bucket seating (1991), made standard on the Town and Country (1992)
- Integrated child safety seats (1992), improved design with recliners (1994)
- Available anti-lock brakes (1991)
- First driver's side airbag in a minivan (1991), made standard (1992), and first dual front airbags (1994)
- First minivan to meet 1998 U.S. federal safety standards (1994)
Engines[]
Year-to-year changes[]
- 1992: All-wheel drive and integrated child safety seats were both options and a driver's side airbag was standard on 1992 Town & Countries. On the exterior, the vinyl woodgrain sides could be deleted and replaced by a gold pinstripe along the beltline. Also gold lacy-spoke alloy wheels were available.
- 1993: Several interior revisions, a stainless steel exhaust system, and new wheels were a few of the changes on 1993 Town & Countries.
- 1994: All 1994 Town & Countries were given a passenger's side airbag and knee bolsters. Side door guard beams were installed this year, so that they met 1998 federal side impact standards. Also made standard was a 3.8 L V6 engine.
- 1995: The fob for the standard remote keyless entry had to be pressed twice within five seconds to prevent accidental opening of the liftgate.
First Generation (1990)[]
The Town and Country was introduced in 1990 as a companion to the Plymouth Voyager and Dodge Caravan; it was essentially a more luxurious version of the Plymouth Grand Voyager. The first Town and Country minivan used the Chrysler S platform, which was closely related to the K-cars (Plymouth Reliant, Dodge Aries, and Chrysler LeBaron). An electronically-controlled four-speed automatic transmission was standard.
Engines[]
Origins[]
The Town and Country was introduced in 1990. Before the introduction of the 1990 Chrysler Town & Country, the name had been used on several Chrysler vehicles from 1941 to 1988.
Future Generations[]
2008[]
The minivans are expected to be redesigned in 2007 as 2008 models by Ralph Gilles, who also worked on the Chrysler 300, Dodge Magnum and Dodge Charger. A six-speed automatic and a new 4.0 L V6 engine are all but certain to appear, while a diaper changing station is rumored. Chrysler has finalized a deal through which Volkswagen will receive a variant of the Chrysler RT platform van with its own styling and features. It is planned for production at Windsor Assembly alongside the Town and Country vans.
Worldwide[]
Design quirks and oddities[]
Since the beginning of production in the fall of 1983, more than 11 million Chrysler, Dodge and Plymouth minivans have been sold as of mid-2005.
Special anniversary editions of the Chrysler minivans have been issued to mark significant milestones; the first, in 1994, is notable for the "10 YEAR ANNIVERSARY EDITION". The twentieth anniversary was marked in 2004 with the Platinum Series Town & Country.
Awards[]
See also[]
External links[]
- Chrysler Minivan Club website
- Allpar minivan section: creation, each generation, tech, rumors
- Chrysler Town and Country
References[]
- Generations: Chrysler, Dodge and Plymouth Minivans
- http://www.auto.consumerguide.com :Chrysler Town and Country
- Chrysler Alternative Fuel Vehicles Line-Up
- E85 Vehicles -- Daimler Chrysler
- Chrysler Reveals Electric Minivan for Postal Service, Asks Gov. Money to Create Demo Fleet...
- Chrysler Reveals Minivan EV Proposal for US Post Office - Seeks more gov funding
- Chrysler unveils new electric minivan for U.S. Postal Service duty
- New Chrysler Town & Country Walter P. Chrysler Signature Series Special
This page uses content from Wikipedia; see Chrysler Town and Country, which includes these contributors.