Doble Steam Car

Any of several makes of steam-powered automobile, including Doble Detroit, Doble Steam Car, and Doble Automobile, are referred to as a Doble because of their founding or association with Abner Doble

History
There were four Doble brothers: Abner, William, John and Warren. All were at one time associated with the automobile company, with Abner, John and Warren as the leading lights.

Abner Doble built his first steam car between 1906 and 1909 while still in high school, with the assistance of his brothers. It was based on components salvaged from a wrecked White Motor Company steamer, driving a new engine of the Doble brothers' own design. It did not run particularly well, but it inspired the brothers to build two more prototypes in the following years. Abner moved to Massachusetts in 1910 to attend MIT, but dropped out after just one semester to work with his brothers on their steam cars.

Their third prototype, the Model B, led Abner to file patents for the innovations incorporated in it which included a steam condenser which enabled the water supply to last for 1500 miles instead of the typical steam car's 100 miles. The Model B also protected the interior of the boiler from the common steam vehicle nuisances of corrosion and scale by mixing engine oil with feedwater.

While the Model B did not possess the convenience of an internal combustion engined vehicle, it attracted the attention of contemporary automobile trade magazines with the improvements it displayed over previous steam cars. Apart from its slow starting time, the Model B was virtually silent compared to contemporary gasoline engines. It also possessed no clutch or transmission, which were superfluous due to the substantial torque produced by steam engines from 0 rpm. Most noticeably, the Model B could accelerate from 0 - 60 mph in just 15 seconds, whereas a Ford Model T of the period took 40 seconds to reach its top speed of 40 - 50 mph.

The Doble Detroit
In 1915 Abner drove a Model B from Massachusetts to Detroit to seek investment. He managed to acquire the sum of $200,000, which he used to set up the General Engineering Company in Detroit. The Doble brothers at once began work on their Model C (also known as the Doble Detroit), which was planned to extend and expand upon the innovations pioneered in the Model B.

The Doble Detroit incorporated key ignition, doing away with the need for manual ignition of the boiler system. John Doble also constructed a flash boiler with rectangular casing in which atomized kerosene fuel was ignited with a spark plug, in a carburettor-type venturi and used forced draught provided by an electrically driven fan. This rapidly heated the feedwater contained in vertical grids of tubes welded to horizontal headers. The steam-raising part of the boiler was partitioned off by a wall of heat-resisting material jacketed with planished steel from a smaller compartment in which were similar grids of tubes for feedwater heating. There seem to have been at least two versions of this boiler, the first with the burner and combustion chamber at the bottom, the other with them at the top of the casing; we can already see the thinking that led to the subsequent monotube boiler arrangement. Boiler operation was fully automated using an electro-mechanical device which shut down the burner once there was sufficient pressure or opened the bypass to feed the boiler when water got low. The new Doble could start from cold in as little as 90 seconds. A two-cylinder double-acting uniflow engine was mounted under the floor driving the back axle; double slide valves were driven by Joy’s valve gear. The Detroit in fact had only four controls: a steering wheel, a brake pedal, a trip pedal for variable cut-off and reversing, and a foot-operated throttle. The layout of the chassis put the boiler at the front end of the car under the bonnet, the engine and the rear axle forming an integrated unit. The even weight distribution and low center of gravity contributed much to the ride and handling of all Doble cars.

These improvements promised a steam car that would at last provide virtually all of the convenience associated with a conventional automobile, but with higher speed, simpler controls, and what was a virtually noiseless power plant. The only defect sometimes noted throughout the Doble car era was less than perfect braking, which was common in automobiles of all types before 1930. Typically, a car of 1920s only had two rear-mounted mechanical drum brakes, although those fitted to Dobles were of larger than usual proportions. Dobles achieved reliability by lacking most of the mechanical items that tended to malfunction in conventional automobiles: they had no clutch, no transmission, no distributor, no points, and no drive shafts. Later Doble steam engines often achieved several hundred thousand miles of use before a major mechanical service was necessary.

The Doble Detroit caused a sensation at the 1917 New York Motor Show and over 5000 deposits were received for the car, with deliveries scheduled to begin in early 1918. However, the Doble brothers had not entirely worked out various design and manufacturing issues, and although the car received good notices and several thousand advance orders were placed, very few were actually built, estimates ranging from 11 to as many as 80. Abner Doble blamed his company's production failure on the steel shortages caused by World War I, but the facts were that the Doble Detroit was mechanically unsatisfactory. Those few customers who had received completed cars had complained that they were sluggish and unpredictable, some even reversing when they should have gone forward. In addition, the Doble brothers were divided by Abner's insistence on taking credit for the company's technical achievements, and John Doble ended up suing Abner for patent infringement, whereupon Abner left Detroit for California.

John Doble died of lymphatic cancer at the age of 28 in 1921, and the surviving brothers reunited in Emeryville, California, setting up under the name of Doble Steam Motors. They managed to solve most of the remaining engineering problems and added even more innovations which increased the cars' acceleration and reliability.

The Doble Model D
The outcome was a complete redesign, the Model D of 1922. The uniflow engine, perceived as the root of the troubles with the Doble Detroit, gave place to a two cylinder compound type, still with Joy’s valve gear, but with piston valves. Another crucial development was a coiled monotube once-through vertically-mounted cylindrical boiler following the thinking behind the later version of the Detroit boiler, the most distinctive feature of which was the placing of the burner at the top of the boiler. This plus drastic insulation was meant to cause the hot gases to reside within the boiler casing for an optimum length of time giving up the maximum amount of heat to the tubes. There was a forced draft burner at the top of the boiler and an exhaust flue at the bottom. The venturi was placed horizontally at the top of the vertical boiler barrel and orientated in such a way as to avoid direct contact with the monotube whilst inducing a swirl motion to the gases. It was thus a counterflow design with water entering the lower end of the coiled monotube and progressing upward toward the burner, which meant that the hottest gases gave superheat to the steam at the top of the coil whilst the cooler gases preheated oncoming the feedwater at the bottom. The distinctive hand operated "miniature steering wheel” rotating a throttle control rod that passed down the middle of the steering column can be observed in D2 which still exists at the present time. Photographic evidence shows that D1 retained the foot throttle pedal, so when the wheel throttle control was first applied is not clear. The latter probably gave more precise adjustment.

No more than five of the D model appear to have been built, if that. It is said that the two-cylinder compound engine sometimes gave difficulty in starting.

The Doble Model E
By 1923, the model E had been developed; this could be said to be the "classic" Doble, of which the most examples have survived. The initial monotube boiler design was perfected into the "American" type. This produced steam at a pressure of 51.7 bar (750 psi) and a temperature of 400 C (750 F). The tubing was formed from seamless cold drawn steel 176 m (575.75 ft) in total length, measuring 559 mm (22 inches) in diameter by (330 inches) in height when coiled and assembled. The boiler was cold water tested to a pressure of 483 bar (7000psi). Two 2-cylinder compound cylinder blocks were in effect placed back-to-back as the basis for a 4-cylinder Woolf compound unit with high pressure cylinders placed on the outside. A piston valve incorporating transfer ports was fitted between each high-pressure and low-pressure cylinder in an arrangement similar to Vauclain's balanced compound system used on a number railway locomotives around 1900. Stephenson's valve gear replaced the previous Joy motion. This engine was used on all vehicles developed thereafter. Again, the car neither possessed nor needed a clutch or transmission, and due to the engine being integrated directly into the rear axle, it did not need a drive shaft either. Like all steam vehicles it could burn a variety of liquid fuels with a minimum of modification and was a noticeably clean running vehicle, its fuel being burned at high temperatures and low pressures, which produced very low pollution.

The Doble Model F
The main new feature was the boiler which formed the basis of later developments from 1930 onwards after the Doble company folded. Various other refinements were applied to individual cars such as a steam driven water feed pump.

Typical performance
The 1924 model Doble Series E steam car could run for1,500 miles before its 24-gallon tank of water needed to be refilled, start from cold and move off within 30 seconds, and once fully warmed could be relied upon to reach speeds in excess of 90 miles per hour (one was reported to have reached 110 mph without the benefit of streamlining). Its mileage per gallon was very competitive with automobiles of the day, and its ability to run in eerie silence apart from wind noise gave it a distinct edge. At 70 mph in a Doble E-series, there was little noticeable vibration, with the engine turning at around 900 rpm. Unlike most steam cars and conventional automobiles, the Series E could be started almost instantly even in freezing weather, and a lighter version of the Series E accelerated from 0 - 75 mph in 10 seconds. In recent years Doble cars have been run speeds approaching 120 mph, this without the benefits of streamlining.

Contemporary Doble advertisements mentioned the lightness of the engine, which would lead customers to compare it favorably with heavier gasoline engines, but "engine" in a steam car referred solely to the cylinder block and its pistons, and did not take into account the boiler and ancillary equipment. The overall weight of a Series E was in fact in excess of 5000 pounds.

The Doble Steam Motors Company
The first model E was sold in 1924, and Doble Steam Motors continued to manufacture steam-powered cars for the next seven years. In 1924 the State of California learned that Abner had helped to sell stock illegally in a desperate bid to raise money for the company, and though Abner was eventually acquitted on a technicality, the company folded during the ensuing legal struggle. Fewer than fifty of the amazing Model E steam cars were produced before the company went out of business in April 1931, the total being reported variously as 24, 42, and 43.

For all their innovations, Doble cars were hindered by two significant problems. The first was the price: the chassis alone sold for $9500, and adding a body virtually doubled that figure, making the car a luxury item in the 1920s. In 1922 the brothers had began work on a lower cost model, projected to sell for less than $2000. This was named the Simplex, and was to be powered by four uniflow single-acting cylinders. One prototype was constructed, but the car never approached production stage.

The other problem was Abner Doble himself, who was said to be such a perfectionist that he was seldom willing to stop tinkering and actually release an automobile for sale.

The Aftermath
Many of the Doble patents were acquired by the Besler Brothers of Davenport, Iowa where they were developed for use in an interurban car, a railcar, and a steam aircraft.

Following the collapse of their company, Abner & Warren Doble travelled as steam power consultants. Abner first went to New Zealand in 1930, where he worked for A.G. Price on the development of steam buses, while from 1932-33 Warren was in Germany managing a contract for Henschel & Son of Kassel, who went on to build a variety of steam applications including a speedboat, cars, railcars, buses and trucks. The exact numbers of vehicles built are difficult to determine.

From 1931-1935 Abner worked with Sentinel Waggon Works of Shrewsbury, England. Several shunting locomotives (switchers) and an undetermined number of railcars were fitted with Doble/Sentinel machinery for sale to customers in Britain, France, Peru and Paraguay...

Abner Doble's last consultancy was in the development of the Paxton Phoenix steam car, for the Paxton Engineering Division of McCulloch Motors Corporation, Los Angeles. The Doble Ultimax engine developed for this project was designed to operate at a pressure of 2,000 PSI and 1,200 F and actually ran at about 1,560 psi and 900 F with a nominal boiler pressure of 2,000 psi and flow rate of 900 lb/hr. Its sustained maximum power was 120 bhp; peak power was 155 bhp but could not be held due to insufficient steam flow. The expected average water rate was 9 lb/hp/hr. The project was eventually dropped in 1954.

Resources

 * Catskill Archives
 * The Magnificent Doble
 * Doble Uniflow Engine
 * Guide to the Doble Steam Motors Corporation photograph collection, 1898-ca. 1963, bulk 1917-1935 - UC Berkeley Bancroft Library
 * Guide to the Abner Doble Papers, 1885-1963 - UC Berkeley Bancroft Library
 * 1920-1939 Car Spotters Guide by Tad Burness, Motobooks International.