Top Gear Race to the North

The Top Gear Race to the North was a three way race between a Jaguar XK120 car, a Vincent Black Shadow motorbike, and railway locomotive 60163 Tornado – a brand new mainline steam engine completed in Britain in 2008. The race saw the car, bike and locomotive, race from London, England, to Edinburgh, Scotland, a journey of around 400 miles (640 km). Eighteen months in the planning, the race was filmed in secret on 25 April 2009, to be shown on 21 June 2009 on the UK's top rated motoring programme, Top Gear.

Dubbed A1 versus A1, the race involved Tornado, based on the design of the 1949 Peppercorn A1 Class post-war British Railways express passenger locomotives running on the East Coast Main Line, pitted against the 1949 models of Jaguar car and Vincent motorbike, both being restricted to using the A1 primary road, rather than the modern day M1 Motorway.

After choosing their form of transportation out of a hat, car enthusiast Jeremy Clarkson chose to run the race on board Tornado, leaving motorbike fan Richard Hammond to ride the Black Shadow, with Jaguar fan James May in XK120. The race was to be the centrepiece of the first episode in the 13th series of Top Gear.

The race saw No. 60163 Tornado, capable of over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) but restricted to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), break a number of records for preserved steam locomotive operation in Britain, including the first 'non-stop' all-steam-hauled passenger train from London King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley in 41 years, and a first for the steam preservation era, the run having last been achieved by Tornado's fellow LNER Pacific type locomotive and national icon, No. 4472 Flying Scotsman, on 1 May 1968, with steam on British Railways having officially ended on 11 August 1968.

Background
The contest was billed as the 21st Century Race to the North, as a multi-modal version of the past-time railway races from London to Scotland. The term Race to the North had emerged in the 1890s with the various railway companies on the east coast and west coast main lines competing for passengers. This culminated in the 1930s competition between the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) companies for the prestige of having the official fastest London to Scotland timetabled service, before the Second World War changed the priorities for the rail system.

The post-war late 1940s were an era of resurgence for the railways, driven by the newly nationalised entity British Railways, who attempted to regain some of the prestige of the pre-war competition between the private railway companies. Part of this was the creation of a non-stop passenger express train from London King's Cross to Edinburgh Waverley, timetabled at 6 hours 30 minutes. Launched in 1949 as the Capitals Limited, on from 29 June 1953 it was known as The Elizabethan, after the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on 2 June 1953. The Peppercorn A1 class was never used on the original Elizabethan due to the lack of a corridor-type tender for crew changes on the move. The original trains were exclusively operated by the streamlined LNER A4 class.

The race was specifically given a 1949 theme, with the BBC postulating that the race might represent what Top Gear would have been like in 1949. That year reflects the fact that the original 49 Peppercorn Class A1s were built in 1948/9, and accordingly, the bike and car selected were 1949 models. The motorcycle was a Vincent Black Shadow, registration 750 UXL, the car was a Jaguar XK120, registration SKE 7. According to the show, the XK120 and Black Shadow were the fastest car and bike in the world in 1949. Although Tornado is a brand new locomotive completed in 2008, her design was based on the original 1940s designs used for the LNER Peppercorn Class A1 locomotives, with appropriate modern day changes for engineering, safety, operational and manufacturing cost reasons.

The idea and much of the organisation of the race is credited to Graeme Bunker, managing director of railtour operator Steam Dreams and operations director of the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust, the builders of Tornado. 18 months before the race, Graeme had contacted the editor of Steam Railway magazine, who in turn suggested the idea of a race to the Top Gear producer. Graeme also contacted Jeremy Clarkson directly.

The Top Gear producer's initial choice of locomotive was No. 4472 Flying Scotsman, although due to her ongoing restoration at the National Railway Museum in York, Tornado was put forward as a suitable replacement. The A1 Steam Locomotive Trust saw the Top Gear race as a way to introduce more people to Tornado, following on from the publicity success of her being officially named by HRH The Prince of Wales, and the prestigious hauling of the Royal Train, bringing the locomotive to a new audience.

Until the run made by Tornado for Top Gear, the last time a steam trains had made a non-stop run from London to Edinburgh was in 1968, with a special charter run by the Locomotive Club of Great Britain (LCGB). The LCGB ran this special train on 1 May 1968, (returning on 4 May), to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the first time this journey was made non-stop. On both occasions, the train was hauled by the famous locomotive, No. 4472 Flying Scotsman.

In the preservation-era, steam locomotives had only recommenced departures from King's Cross in 1994, after a 30 year gap. The departure at the time was an Elizabethan train only as far as Peterborough, hauled by No. 60009 Union of South Africa. In the following years, a goal of the preservation and railtour movement was to perform another all-steam-hauled train from London to Edinburgh. This was to have happened in 2008 as The Coronation, using two engines, one taking a London to York leg, and then another taking the train on to Edinburgh. The plan failed when, while stopped for water at Tyne Yard, an inspection of No. 60009 Union of South Africa revealed an over-heated axlebox, meaning the train was completed using diesel haulage. With the successful completion of the run by Tornado for Top Gear, she thus became the first steam engine to complete the run 'non-stop' for 41 years.

Cathedrals Express railtour
Due to the secrecy surrounding the plans to film the race, the rail part of the race was not openly publicised in advance. Instead, the rail charter was telemarketed directly to around 200 of Steam Dreams regular customers, as one of their regular Cathedrals Express tours, and as such, carried a Cathedrals Express train headboard. The tour used conventional diesel haulage for the return leg back to London. The tour was only Tornado's second ever departure from King's Cross.

All passengers had been told about the tour was that it was to be an 'attempt to achieve the fastest steam hauled trip between Edinburgh and London since the 1960s'. While many rumours had persisted about this special tour, most passengers only became aware of the Top Gear plan on arrival at King's Cross.

Due to the tour being the first 'in one go' trip for a steam locomotive from London to Edinburgh for 41 years, there were many railway enthusiasts on the train, fulfilling a lifetime's ambition of this particular 'bag' (where enthusiasts attempt to travel on, or 'bag', every possible steam tour route).

Tornado's load consisted of 10 coaches, with the A1 Trust's maroon support coach behind the locomotive followed by 9 dining cars of the Riviera Trains Royal Scot liveried rake in carmine and cream colours The carriage load weighed in at 358 tons tare, 375 gross.

Given the headcode 1Z63, Tornado was booked to complete the 390.2-mile (628.0 km) journey in 8 hours 2 minutes, without any passenger stops in stations, but with four water stops en route at Grantham, York, Newcastle upon Tyne (Tyne Yard) and Berwick, totalling 95 minutes booked stoppage time. The crew changed over at York; and at the water stop at Tyne Yard Tornado also took on more coal.

No public trains were re-scheduled to create a special path for the charter train, however, the schedule planned in advance was crafted to avoid where possible being delayed by public trains. Also, in a departure from normal main line steam operation railway practice, the train was, where necessary, given priority over normal train services. This was achieved by having a National Express executive on board, communicating by mobile phone and radio with signal boxes and train control centres.

Race conditions
The race was started on Platform 1 of King's Cross station, and the finishing line was at the Balmoral Hotel, which is within walking distance of the exit of Edinburgh Waverley station.

The race was also billed as A1 versus A1, the LNER Peppercorn Class A1 design Tornado against the car and bike allowed to use only the A1 road,    otherwise known as the historic Great North Road, which runs from London to Edinburgh and is the longest single-numbered road in the United Kingdom.

The rail route taken by Tornado, on the East Coast Main Line is 390.2 miles (628.0 km) long. The A1 road by comparison is 413 miles (665 km) long, albeit from St Paul's Cathedral and not King's Cross, to the centre of Edinburgh, at the East end of Princes Street near Waverley Station.

The race was to be run "as quick as legally possible", with the road vehicles restricted to the UK speed limit of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h), and Tornado restricted to its approved 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) main line top speed, where the line was not otherwise restricted by temporary or permanent speed restrictions.

Start
At 7am Platform 1 was cordoned off, as the camera crew filmed the three presenters drawing lots to determine which mode of transport to take. Jeremy Clarkson was allocated Tornado, May got the Jaguar while motorcycle fan Richard Hammond got the bike. Tornado was scheduled to depart at 7.25am. The race officially started with a blast on Tornado's whistle. James May and Richard Hammond proceeded to the car and bike which were parked in York Way. Tornado left approximately 90–120 seconds late due to delays in the camera crew boarding the support coach. As seen on the programme, Hammond was delayed as he changed into his biker's leathers and was delayed again as he struggled to start the Black Shadow.

What was not shown on the programme was issues with the bike which required considerable attention, there were two filming false starts with the car and bike leaving simultaneously, but the bike breaking leading to a third attempt. The car and bike left some 40 minutes after the departure of the steam train.

Tornado on the main line
Due to the special arrangements made with National Express, and due to the modern features of Tornado's design, the run by Tornado set a number of steam preservation records, having been able to maintain 75 miles per hour (121 km/h) for long distances during the race. The 5 minute 57 second time to travel from King's Cross to Finsbury Park was a speed record for preservation and comparable to 1950s non-stop trains. Due to her increased tender capacity, the initial run from King's Cross to Grantham was believed to be the longest preservation era non-stop run. Tornado was also recorded as taking just 27 seconds longer to reach Potters Bar than LNER A4 class No. 60011 hauling a Coronation, which was hauling 50 tons less on the day.

Due to a continuous gaining of time in the first leg, by arrival at Grantham, Tornado was 6 minutes ahead of schedule. Part of the reason for the quick running was revealed on the programme as the need to repair a steam leak. This could not be addressed until the Grantham stop, so the speed was increased to allow for a longer stop. On leaving Grantham, due to a late-running National Express Leeds service, and a temporary track speed restriction, by Claypole, Tornado was 7 minutes behind schedule. Tornado was slowed down for a section near Doncaster after drivers had reported an 'exciting ride' while Tornado was hauling the Yorkshire Pullman on 18 April the week before.

By Colton Junction, Tornado had reduced the lag to 2 minutes, but due to a series of signals at the yellow warning aspect, on arrival at the York water stop, Tornado was again 5 minutes behind schedule. A quick stop meant that she left York on time, having been serviced by a road tanker. The time taken from London to reach Peterborough, Grantham and York were all preservation era records. Back on schedule and nearing the finish line, Tornado was forced to slow down for a stopping train ahead of her, as she approached Waverley. Also, as revealed on the programme, during the latter part of the race approaching the Berwick stop, Tornado's speed had to be temporarily reduced to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) due to one of the steam injectors (which is a device which uses the boiler's own steam to transfer water from the tender into the boiler, over-coming the high pressure within the boiler) failing to operate for 10 minutes, risking the boiler running dry which would have necessitated dropping the fire to prevent major damage.

With her arrival at Waverley after exactly 8 hours, Tornado's actual running time when subtracting the 96 minutes taken for water stops, was just inside that of the original Elizabethan runs of 6 hours 30 minutes.

Progress on the A1 road
The Jaguar made the early running over the bike on the A1 road due to Hammond's failure to start the bike, although Tornado was in the overall lead from the start. The car and bike interchanged places while making their respective re-fuelling stops at filling stations.

Hammond had attempted to prolong his fuel stop to the very last possible moment, by employing the Vincent's reserve fuel tank. This backfired when, after his fuel stop, 20 miles (32 km) south of Doncaster, Hammond is seen pulled over broken down. Having failed to close the reserve tank tap, sludge from the fuel tank had blocked the left hand carburettor.

The Jaguar finally took the overall lead from Tornado as she was stationary in Tyne Yard taking on coal and water. Having been repaired, Hammond was way behind, near Leeds. As Tornado departed Tweedmouth sidings following her final water stop, May was still in the lead, 10 miles (16 km) north of Berwick.

Finish
Tornado arrived 1 minute ahead of schedule at Waverley at 3.26pm, having taken a total of 8 hours exactly. On arrival Jeremy Clarkson and crew ran the short distance to the Balmoral Hotel. However, he arrived to find that James May was already there, waiting for him with a pint. May said in his Daily Telegraph column after the race was broadcast that he had arrived "no more than 10 minutes" before the train.

The winner of the race was kept under wraps by the BBC. It was reported prior to the programme however that Richard Hammond had not won, but had in fact come last, with his bike having broken down somewhere en-route.

While Clarkson and May awaited Hammond, enjoying a beer in the hotel, they were spotted by a wedding party arriving, after the couple had been married at a nearby church. Despite Clarkson's filthy attire, both were invited to pose for wedding photos with the bride in her traditional white wedding dress and the groom in a kilt, on the steps of the hotel, with a number of onlookers gathering for the scene, the pictures of which made national headlines. The bride had initially thought Jeremy was a traditional lucky chimney sweep. Clarkson was covered in an unusually heavy amount of soot due to the fact that, in addition to being exposed as normal during his stint as fireman shovelling coal, the presence of overhead wires and electrical equipment in the locomotive cab prevented use of damping hoses.

Jeremy Clarkson and Tornado
The decision of Jeremy Clarkson to choose to take the train for the race surprised many people, who expected him to take the Jaguar. Known for his loathing of trains and public transport, the BBC described his decision to choose Tornado as an "almost unprecedented move".

While known as a petrol head, Clarkson is also a big fan of British engineering, and the Tornado project was an award-winning example of this (albeit incorporating a German-designed and -built firetube boiler). In the month following the race the A1 Trust received two engineering awards: the Sir Henry Royce Foundation Memorial Award, which honours achievement and excellence in engineering, formerly awarded to the likes of Ford, Rolls-Royce, Thrust cars and the Frank Williams Renault racing team; and the IMechE Engineering Heritage Award, setup in 1984 to celebrate unique excellence in Mechanical Engineering.

Clarkson was also believed to be a "secret gricer" by Steam Railway magazine, and his Doncaster birthplace was also said to be influential in his agreeing to the race in the first place, with the original LNER Peppercorn A1 Class locomotives having been designed in Doncaster, and the Class having been built in the Doncaster and Darlington locomotive works. His past interest in railways has included a review of No. 4472 Flying Scotsman in I Know You Got Soul, and advocacy for the railway engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 100 Greatest Britons.

Clarkson was on the footplate throughout the journey, acting as the fireman for periods. After the race, he was understood to have been impressed with Tornado.

Filming and broadcast
The BBC has previously filmed London to Edinburgh train journeys, such as the British Transport Films (BTF) production Elizabethan Express in the summer of 1953, hauled by the LNER A4 Class No. 60017 Silver Fox.

The race took place on 25 April 2009. Details of the shoot were kept secret beforehand by the BBC, due to safety fears over spectators at stations, line-side and water stops or papparazzi photographers attempting to follow the car or bike on the A1.

Tornado was fitted with multiple miniature cameras around the locomotive and inside the cab, and using one front-mounted camera attached to the red buffer beam, raising the possibility of any footage gained being used to produce a modern day version of the famous 1952 BTF film London to Brighton in Four Minutes film, a four minute long speeded up view of the railway route from London to Brighton as viewed from the front of the Brighton Belle.

Much of Tornado's journey was filmed from one of Flying TV's helicopters, registered G-PIXX, piloted by Capt. Kim Campion and filmed by cameraman Matt Wyer. Flying TV is owned and managed by DJ Mike Smith.

The race was to be the main feature of the first episode of the 13th series of the current Top Gear format, broadcast in the 8pm slot on BBC 2 on Sunday 21 June 2009. According to the BBC, the race was to be one of Top Gear's "most incredible and most epic races to date". Despite the prior secrecy over the race, the event made national media attention after a soot blackened Jeremy Clarkson and James May were photographed outside the Balmoral Hotel, waiting for Richard Hammond to arrive.

Following the date of filming the race in April, Tornado continued her national tour, with further main line charters, as well as visits to the heritage railways of the North Yorkshire Moors Railway and West Somerset Railway, before the broadcast date of the Top Gear race.

On the date the race was to be broadcast in June, on Sunday 21 June (Father's Day), Tornado was due to undertake two tours in the south of England. These would be a daytime circular tour out of London Waterloo station through Basingstoke and down to Havant on the south coast in Hampshire, before returning through Guildford back to Waterloo. In the evening, Tornado would haul another circular tour, this time out of London Victoria station around Kent, tackling Martin Mill bank and passing the White Cliffs of Dover.

Authenticity
For various reasons, it was not possible to run a historically accurate recreation of how the race would have gone in the 1950s. Instead, according to Graeme Bunker, the race was "done just for fun and entertainment". A major restriction was Tornado's maximum speed limit of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), set as a condition of its current main line certification (although the A1 Trust was planning to have Tornado certified to a higher speed over time). The 'Flyers' of the 1950s would have gone on to speeds of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) and beyond. A further difficulty was due to water troughs having been removed from the rail network, meaning it was not possible to achieve the post war steam timings of 6 and a half hours. According to Steam Railway magazine, if Tornado had been able to use troughs, the train would have won the race easily. On the plus side for the car and bike, they had the speed advantage of not having to travel through towns and villages exactly as the old Great North Road would have, but instead benefitted from the use of modern bypasses, and the faster A1(M) sections of the A1, where it has been upgraded to motorway standards. However, speed restrictions outside of built up areas were only introduced in Britain in 1965. So if this had been in 1949 neither the car or motorbike would have been subject to any speed restrictions for most of the journey.

Funding
The rail portion of the race was achieved with no financial cost to the licence payer, due to fare paying passengers being on the tour, and through savings achieved by the railway companies providing their services at cost. The helicopter was provided by the BBC. More than 100 passengers were on the train, paying a minimum fare of £250 a head, or about $400, with dining service throughout.

Steam Dreams (railtour promoter), Riviera Trains (rolling stock provider), Network Rail (network access), DB Schenker (depots and drivers), National Express East Coast (ticketing, control) all contributed their services to the train at cost price, with all profits remaining going to the A1 Steam Locomotive Trust to pay off the remaining debts from building Tornado. The Railway Touring Company also contributed by cancelling a rail tour to Newcastle, freeing up the departure slot from King's Cross for Tornado.

May 2009 Coronation railtour
On 16 May 2009 Tornado participated in a second completion of the London to Edinburgh run, this time a publicly available train. This run produced the first 'up' direction (Edinburgh to London) version of the steam journey. Originally planned as a multi-locomotive tour, with Tornado hauling a leg along with all three operational LNER A4 class 'Streaks', No. 60007 LNER Sir Nigel Gresley, No. 60019 Bittern and No. 60009 Union of South Africa, after 60019 became unavailable, Tornado was called on to replace her for the King's Cross to York leg on 16 May, as well as her original leg of bringing the tour back into London on 18 May, with an intermediate tour in Scotland occurring on the 17th.